Healthy prenatal development creates the earliest foundation for emotional regulation and behavior. "When expectant mothers receive consistent prenatal care, manage stress, and practice healthy routines, the developing fetal brain forms stronger pathways for future emotional control and social functioning (March of Dimes, 2023)."

In contrast, "exposure to maternal stress, poor nutrition, or harmful substances may increase the risk for emotional difficulties, anxiety, and impulsive behavior during adolescence (CDC, 2024)." Early childhood experiences also strongly influence adolescent SEL. Children who grow up with nurturing, predictable caregivers develop healthier emotional awareness and coping skills. Conversely, "early experiences with trauma, neglect, or instability can affect a child’s ability to form friendships or manage stress as a teenager (Harvard University, 2023)."